University of Texas at Austin

Five people working on model for Toledo Plan
Ca. 1945

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Norman Bel Geddes Database

Job 525, Toledo Plan, 1944-1948

Summary: Bel Geddes was invited to come up with a comprehensive plan for redeveloping Toledo, Ohio. The core problems to be solved in the “Toledo Tomorrow” project included transportation and traffic flow, and Geddes reiterated many of the concepts developed for Shell Oil and Futurama.

He designed and built a diorama of Toledo, Ohio as it could look in 50 years if careful urban planning were instigated immediately. The city’s Paul Block Newspapers financed the $150,000 model, which, at 60-feet long, was set up in the city’s zoological park for voters to consider the issue. The redevelopment plan advocated the removal of all railroads from the downtown area and broke up the gridiron street pattern. Parks were proposed for the river banks, a now common urban revitalization strategy, and residential areas were organized into self-contained units. As with Futurama, the “Toledo Tomorrow” display was set up so that viewers had an aerial perspective of the model city from a theoretical height of 6,000 feet. In this instance, however, they walked rather than rode around an imagined Toledo.

The 47-section model depicting this integrated plan of civic improvements was built under the direction of Geddes in collaboration with Major Alexander de Seversky, aviation engineer, W. Earle Andrews, highway authority, and Col. Henry M. Waite and J. B. Sullivan, railroad consultants. The architect Geoffrey N. Lawford managed the project for the Geddes firm.

While it is now difficult to know what direct impact the model had on Toledo’s post-war development, a May 24, 1946 article in Tide magazine credited the project with sparking a “reborn civic attitude,” resulting in “a rash of planning projects” totaling $225,500,000 and funded jointly by private industry and a new municipal payroll tax.


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Box/Location Folder Description
box 35 525.1-2 Agreement, correspondence, meeting minutes, Mar1944-Jul1945.
box 35 525.3 Memos, specifications, model construction estimate, job schedule. 9 Blueprints of sketches.
box 35 525.4 7 Sketches. Blueprint. Drawing Schedule.
damaged flat files, drawer 6 525.1 68 Drawings and sketches. 1 Rendering of model.
flat file 525.1 Blueprint of drawing.
box 35 525.5 Photostats, captions, Photography Negative Record Sheet 1945.
photo box 16 525.1 88 Photographs of model construction, exhibit, aerial photographs of city, Museum of Science.
negative box 16 525.1a 18 Negatives. [1 damaged]
negative box 48 525.1b 18 Negatives (continued). [nitrate]
box 36 525.6 Publicity --- Letter sent. Outline, features of model, exhibit narrative; memos, press releases, clipping.
box 36 525.7-9 Publicity --- Toledo Blade clippings.
oversize box 9 525.1 Publicity --- Photostats, clipping 1945.
oversize box 9 525.2 Publicity --- Life article 1945.
box 36 525.10 Publicity --- Architectural Forum clipping 1945.
box 36 525.11 Publicity --- Tide clipping 1945.
object 525.1 Publicity --- Presentation book, "Toledo Tomorrow: A Master Plan and Model," 1945.
oversize box 9 525.3 Data --- Portland Improvement presentation book by Robert Moses.

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